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在连续三场（3.4，3.11，3.25）ABCD多套试卷之后，今天（4.1）托福考试回归了两套试卷，AB卷。
A卷
Towns in the High Middle Ages
重复2016.09.11 和2015.12.05
Mexican Mural Art
重复2015.09.19和2014.12.27
Pest Control
重复2014.05.25
Increasing Jellyfish Populations
新题，加试文章
B卷
Increasing Jellyfish Populations
新题，加试文章
The Importance of Mail Service to the Early United States
重复2016.07.09
The Green Revolution
新题
The Origin and Rise of Modern Birds
重复2016.11.26下午场
不过值得一提的是，今天很多考生都是阅读加试，并且加试的文章并不是同一篇，考生遇到最多的一篇加试是：Increasing Jellyfish Populations。
而今天阅读两套里大多是老题，ETS今年虽然在考试形式上变化很多，但其实使用的新题非常少，大都是在重复2014-2016年大陆考过的老题。
这一方面说明，ETS出题成本太高（80万美金一套），所以出题量小。另一方面说明，托福考试的整体趋势还是稳定的。形式上的变化（多套试卷，阅读加试，听力非经典加试），并不能改变这个考试的内在。
除了阅读之外，今天听力，口语和写作都重复老题，具体分析，各位看下面华叔解析。
听力最难一篇讲座
今天最难的一篇讲座是第一个SECTION的第一篇考古学讲座，这篇讲座重复2015-05-09大陆真题，后来在2016-09-10下午场考过。今天是第三次考到。
这篇讲座是中世纪早期Early Middle Ages和罗马帝国Roman Empire的对比。在记笔记时，一定要首字母大写，并缩写。
1.What is the purpose of the lecture?
To demonstrate that archaeological evidence from ancient settlements can easily be misinterpreted.
2.What two features of buildings from the Early Ages does the professor mention?
Click on 2 answers.
Supporting posts made of wood
Thatched roofs
3.Why is pottery from the Early Middle Ages difficult for archaeologists to find?
Because its colors blend in with the earth
4.What does the professor imply about the remains found at Bradley Hill, compared to those found at Yeavering?
The remains found at Bradley Hill provide more concrete evidence of the population size.
5.What is the professor’s opinion about the population of Western Europe during the Early Middle Ages?
The population may have declined, but not as much as is generally believed.
6.What does the professor imply about population on-distribution maps?
They are not always accurate.
阅读难题解析和文章框架图
考题1
The phrase "this respect" in the passage refers to
A. enormous variations
B. being smaller
C. number of inhabitants
D. shared characteristics
解析：
难点一，很多考生误以为这是词汇题，而词汇题的通常问法是：The word/phrase "…" is closest in meaning to。这道题题干中的“refers to”表明这是代词指代题，需要读懂句子找清前后指代关系；
难点二，很多人不知道respect有名词用法，=aspect，表“方面”；
难点三，回到原文读考句，读不懂。该句为： One may call them towns because even though they varied enormously in numbers of inhabitants, and some were smaller than large villages in this respect, they shared certain characteristics that set them off from rural settlements. 表明从居民数量的方面来看，一些城镇比大村庄的居民数量还少，但它们仍然是城镇，共享着区别于村庄的某些特征。所以此题正确答案是C。
考题2
Because what distinguished towns from villages was not so much size as the density of economic and social activities, one writer has argued that an important criterion for town is the existence of traffic jams—the hustle and bustle of oxcarts, long lines of wagons bringing fruits and vegetables, raw materials, and finished goods to markets, and the parade of men and women coming to shop, visit, or attend meetings.
解析：
这是句子简化题所在考句，最大考点在于“not so much A…as B”句式真正意义的考查。在这里，否定A，而肯定B。即城镇区别于村庄的特征并不是其规模大小，而是其经济活动和社会活动的密集度。同样的句式表达还有less A than B。反过来，more A than B，就是肯定A而否定B了。这一考点在同一篇文章中又再次考到，看下题。
考题3
考句：In southern Europe there was more continuity from earlier settlement patterns. Growth came less from the creation of new towns than from the flow of immigrants to old settlements.
It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that urban growth in southern Europe was marked by
A. more people in a greater number of towns
B. more people in the same number of towns
C. development of new settlement patterns
D. movement of people into newly created towns
解析：
第一句话“In southern Europe there was more continuity from earlier settlement patterns.”属于抽象语言，对抽象语言的理解，一靠大量阅读的积淀，二靠向下文寻找具体对应。此句中的抽象概念“more continuity from earlier settlement patterns”，具体对应到下句的“the flow of immigrants to old settlements”。因为“less A than B”中，A是否定内容，B才是作者重点叙述的肯定内容。
所以综合两句信息来看，南欧地区城镇的增长是来自于移民涌入原有的老的定居点，而不是去建造新的定居点/新城镇。所以正确答案选B。
①
②
③
综合写作新题回顾
重复2014年6月15日及2016年3月13日的考题。
阅读主要观点提取：
有三个理由可以解释阿卡德王国为什么会在短时间内灭亡。
理由一：来自被攻取国家的反抗。阿卡德王国要求被攻取的国家缴纳高额的贡品，这些国家久而久之便不再愿意缴纳高额贡品，并举兵反抗，最终使得阿卡德王国灭亡。
理由二：粮食短缺。阿卡德王国的粮食主要来自于北部地区。然而，北部地区在一段时间内遭遇严重干旱，使得粮食无法正常供应，最终使得阿卡德王国灭亡。
理由三：遭遇贸易抵制。阿卡德王国和很多国家交易商品，但是交易时利用自身的强大欺压别国。之后，三分之二的国家联合起来抵抗阿卡德王国，导致该国经济颓废，最终灭亡。
听力主要观点提取：
阅读中的三个理由都不可信。
第一，这些被侵占的国家想要成功攻破阿卡德王国，唯有从它的内部进攻。然而，阿卡德王国在建立之初就毁掉了所有的城墙。所以，一旦他们对阿卡德王国展开进攻，很容易就被阿卡德的士兵击败。
第二，阿卡德王国的农业技术足以抵抗干旱。它有很好的灌溉技术，可以从远处调水。并且，他们还懂得如何长期存储粮食。所以，即使经历一段时间的干旱，阿卡德王国还是可以有足够的食物赖以生存。
第三，阿卡德王国的贸易伙伴总量没有减少。虽然遭遇到一部分国家的抵抗，但是阿卡德王国一直在寻找新的贸易伙伴，东至南亚次大陆，西至地中海。所以，新的贸易伙伴会弥补阿卡德王国经济贸易的损失。
学生满分范文：
The writer puts forward three explanations for why the Akkadian Empire did not last long. However, the professor points out that none of the explanations is convincing.
First, as for the rebellions of the conquered city-states, the professor demonstrates that the rebel would not succeed. The only chance that the city-state rebels could successfully resist the central government was they can fight inside the city. But it was impossible because the defensive walls had been destroyed by the empire. So the rebellions would be easily defeated.
Second, the professor states that the Akkadians had the ability to solve the bad weather conditions which is different from the reading. It was because the Akkadians had excellent agricultural technology to help them deal with the bad weather conditions. Their irrigation techniques allowed them to bring water from long distance and they had the knowledge to store food for a long period. As a result, they could have enough food supply even during a long period of reduced rainfall.
Finally, contrary to the opinion of the reading that the loss of old trading partners caused the empire’s downfall, the professor says that the new trading partners could make up the loss. The empire constantly searched for new trading partners from the Indian subcontinent to Mediterranean Sea. So they still could get enough resources they relied on. (223)
独立写作解析
重复2015年5月30日的考题，难度中等。
Question:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
When you have been friends with someone for a long time, it is important to continue your friendship with that person even if he or she does something you do not like.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
【推荐写法】折中法
开头段：首先提出背景——友谊的重要意义。接着阐述本题干的争论；最后，提出自己的观点——到底要不要继续这段友谊取决于老朋友所做的事情的性质。
分论点一：如果老朋友做了违背法律或者社会公德的的事情，那么友谊不再继续。因为朋友对自己的影响很大，特别是青少年时期的朋友。若这时候还不远离这样的朋友，自己有可能会陷入困境。
分论点二：如果老朋友做的我不喜欢的事情，只是一些不触碰原则的小错误，可以原谅并帮助他改进。人无完人Gold can't be pure and man can't be perfect.所以，朋友之间相处需要懂得互相包容。接下来举几个朋友会做的你不喜欢的事情，如说谎、吸烟等。并论述如何与朋友沟通，并帮助朋友解决问题。
结尾段：再次重申总论点。
口语TASK6解析
讲座要点总结
这是一篇生物学讲座，它围绕幼小动物应对野外险境的两个暂时性身体保护机制（two temporary features that help young animals survive in the wild）展开话题。
第一，幼崽通过伪装躲避捕食者（features that are useful for camouflage），这样它们便可以藏进树中或者灌木丛中，与环境融为一体，不被捕食者发现。例如，狮子宝宝生下来就有带斑点的皮毛。在它们三个月大，学会走路之前，这个特征允许它们躺在草丛中，融入非洲草原的环境，使捕食者很难发现它们。
第二，一些幼崽暂时性的身体特征能帮助他们在环境中快速地移动（develop temporary features that help them move quickly or efficiently in their environments）。
它们会以独特的方式移动，来躲避捕食者。但是当它们长大，并且学会其他保护自己的方式后，这种特征会消失。一种栖居在水上的鸟很好地例证了这一点。在这类雏鸟学会翱翔于天际前，它们的翅膀末端长出形如手指的特征，正是这种特征使它们灵活地穿梭于树木中，从而迅速逃离天敌的追击。当它们成年后，手指般的特征逐渐退化，翅膀也随之发育完善了。
讲座词汇总结
physical 身体的 temporary 短暂的 adaptation 适应 feature 特征 adulthood 成年 camouflage 伪装 bush 灌木丛 mature 成熟 blend 融合 spotted fur有斑点的皮毛
全部词汇题
