个人中心
个人中心
A卷
The Atmospheres of Planets 新题，加试
Mapping the World 重复 2016.10.16
Parental Care by Frogs 重复 2016.11.13
Lighting in Museums 重复 2016.09.11和2015.06.27
B卷
Urban Development in the United States in the Nineteenth Century 重复2014.11.23(加场)和2014.04.27
Sea Life Adaptation in the Deep Ocean 重复 2015.06.27
Surface Fluids on Venus and Earth重复2015.03.07A卷，2014.04.12和2013.07.20
C卷
Weeklies——electrotype新兴技术使得杂志能快速打印
美国电力系统 重复 2015.11.21 A卷和2014.8.23A卷
Early Ideas of Continental Drift 重复 2015.11.21 B卷
Predator-Prey Cycles
D卷
The Atmospheres of Planets 新题，加试
The Collapse of the Maya 重复 2014.10.18
The Origin of Coral Reefs 重复 2016.06.25 和 2014.06.21
Causes of Industrialization in the United States 重复 2016.06.04
① Mapping the World
绘制世界地图
这篇文章的词汇量、长难句、以及语义的抽象性都达到了较高水准，谁让它是2016年度ETS费尽心思出的新题呢，放到今天来考查，仍然不容小觑。考生可以随意浏览两句话，自测水平：
例一：A major impulse to the resolution of remaining cartographical difficulties was provided by the growing popularity of globes.
提示：词汇题impulse to所在考句
例二：The impact of this technological revolution helps explain the otherwise paradoxical fact that Ptolemy’s Geography was revised and reissued throughout the sixteenth century even as his maps were increasingly shown to be inaccurate.
提示：第6题细节题“According to paragraph 2, all of the following statements about Ptolemy are true EXCEPT”相关考句
下面我们分享两道考题：
考题1：For most mapmakers, recasting the Ptolemaic worldview required a careful study of travel narratives, newly furnished information, and of course other maps and, as a result, the correct delimitation of geographical space emerged slowly, and not without many setbacks and meandering down blind alleys.（句子简化题）
The Ptolemaic worldview led mapmakers down blind alleys and into many setbacks, causing them to look for ways to recast that worldview.
Mapmakers were slow to understand the importance of travel narratives, new information, and other maps for correcting Ptolemaic geography.
Obtaining a correct understanding of geographical space was slow and marked by setbacks because of its dependence on studying travel narratives and other maps and on the supply of new information.
Most mapmakers were unsuccessful in recasting the Ptolemaic worldview until a correct delineation of geographical space emerged from the study of travel narratives, other maps, and newly furnished information.
解析：考点设置：大量生词+复杂句式(多重并列，多重否定not without)+文学化表达(meandering down blind alleys在死胡同里徘徊不前)。整句话意思是：对大多数制图者来说，重新塑造托勒密的世界观需要仔细研究以下内容——关于旅行的记叙、新近提供的信息、以及当然还有其他地图——结果，对地理空间位置的准确定界进展缓慢，并且伴随着许多倒退和停滞。所以，正确答案选C。
考题2：According to paragraph 1, what was mainly responsible for the great interest in maps among Europeans in the early sixteenth century?
The new ability of Europe’s publishers to produce high quality wall maps
The efforts by Europe’s publishers and booksellers to create a new market
The voyages that Europeans had begun making to the New World
The new type of spatial awareness that had developed throughout European society
解析：考点设置：因果关系中的原因寻找。对应考句为段首前3句： (1)During Europe’s medieval period…,maps were based on ancient, limited knowledge and worldviews.(铺垫句) (2)But this changed with the first voyages made by Europeans to the New World….(原因句)(3)Maps became objects of fascination in the sixteenth century, amounting almost to a craze.(结果句)。所以，正确答案选C。
重点提醒：
1.题干定位词经常被同义替换，如本题“great interest”被替换为考句中的fascination和craze。
2.因果关系在英文中一般不以露骨的because呈现，而更喜欢“以时间暗示因果”，即两件事的“同时发生”或“先后发生”，如本题“…with(伴随)…,地图令人着迷，甚至变成一种风尚(craze)”，所以答案就是with之后的内容。
② Parental Care by Frogs
青蛙对后代的照顾
这篇文章简单明了，无论是从宏观框架还是从微观细节(词汇+长难句)，难度都很一般，所以为了增加这篇文章的考试难度，ETS在出题环节大量增设了“综合信息题”，即需要综合多句甚至整段和跨段答题。如，
第21题 According to paragraph 5, providing parental care is associated with which of the following?（考整段）
More clutches produced per female
Less danger to parents from predators
More food needed by caregiving parents
Fewer eggs produced per clutch
(正确答案D)
第25题 According to paragraph 6, the cost of parental care is minimal in all the following circumstances EXCEPT(考整段)
When nests where care is provided cannot be easily reached by predators
When reproductive output is limited by reasons other than by providing parental care
When females produce many groups of eggs per season
When a male can defend territory and attract additional females while providing care
(正确答案C)
③ Lighting in Museums
博物馆中的照明
托福阅读每次三篇测试文章的难度各不相同，必有一篇最难，一篇最简单，一篇适中，而且文章难度排序和文章出现顺序没有关系，考生要做的是熟练真题，考场上自觉感知难度系数，合理分配时间。下面我们就鉴赏一下这篇中等难度文章的句子简化题。
Levels of 50 lux for light-sensitive material, and 150-250 lux everywhere else, have been adopted as standard for many museums, even though it is rarely possible for the museum to arrange for the slow process of visual accommodation at such low light levels, so that bright things appear a dismal, yellowy gray.（句子简化题）
Many museums make efforts to arrange lighting in such a way that viewer can easily accommodate to the change from daylight to the low levels of light provided for light-sensitive materials.
Despite the problems associated with low lighting, many museums use levels of 50 lux for light-sensitive material and 150-250 lux everywhere else.
Color values shift so considerably at low light levels that bright things appear a dismal, yellowy gray.
Many museums have adopted levels of 50 lux for light-sensitive material and 150-250 lux everywhere else as standard lighting in order to best present color values.
解析：A选项语义与原文矛盾，C选项只保留后半句细节，D选项末尾“in order to best present color values”意思错误，正确答案选B。B的前半部分“Despite the problems associated with low lighting”正好是对原句后面次要信息“even though…”的高度概括，即博物馆无法安排给参观者视觉适应过程，由此带来的馆内物品颜色看起来失真的问题。
④ Urban Development in US in the 19th Century
美国19世纪城市发展
⑤ Sea Life Adaptation in the Deep Ocean
深海生物适应性
⑥ Surface Fluids on Venus and Earth
金星和地球表面的流体
⑦ Early Ideas of Continental Drift
大陆漂移的早期思想
⑧ Predator-Prey Cycles
捕猎者-猎物之间的周期循环
⑨ Causes of Industrialization In US
美国工业化原因
⑩ The Collapse of the Mayas
玛雅的衰落
综合写作回顾
阅读主要观点提取：
美国小海雀（auklets）数量下降有几个可能的原因。
第一，由于幼年海雀争夺有限的食物，是一部分海雀死亡。
第二，病毒感染导致它们数量下降。
第三，小海雀赖以为生的食物是浮游生物（plankton）。然而，海水温度上升不仅使得浮游生物的数量减少，也降低了它们营养成分，从而导致海雀数量下降。
听力主要观点提取：
阅读中的三个理由都无法解释海雀为什么会大面积死亡。
第一，如果海雀死亡的数量不是如此之大，那么有可能是因为争夺食物而使一部分幼年海雀死亡。据统计，有多达十万只海雀死亡，这是史无前例的。如果仅仅是由于争夺食物而造成它们死亡，那么总有存活下来的海雀，一段时间后，食物和海雀会形成一种新的平衡，并不会让海雀的数量持续下降。
第二，如果海雀是由于病毒感染而死，那么它们的尸体上会有明显的特征（visible signs）。然而，科学家到目前为止还未找到任何海雀被病毒感染的证据。
第三，海雀不是由于食用的浮游生物营养成分降低而死亡的。其它食用浮游生物的动物并没有大面积死亡。如，鲑鱼（salmon）和一些鸟类都是食用浮游生物的，但它们并没有任何负面影响。所以，有可能是别的原因导致海雀大面积死亡。
口语TASK6解析
讲座要点总结
这是一篇教育学讲座，它围绕老师教学中有效反馈的两个特点（two characteristics of effective feedback）展开话题。
第一， 给予反馈要适时（be properly timed）。当学生仍在努力完成某项任务或者学习某项技能时，老师给予反馈，这样学生才有机会把建议付诸于行动，通过做相似的任务进行练习。例如，在艺术课上，学生们在认真练习绘画。艺术老师应该在他们仍学习绘画的这个阶段给予反馈，这样学生就能真正地尝试老师建议的绘画技巧。
第二， 反馈内容应关注学生的作业而不是学生本身（focus on students’ work and not students themselves）。当老师批评学生时，他们感到难过，但是不清楚做什么来改变现状。然而，如果反馈内容与作业相关，他们就会了解以后正确的做法。仍以艺术老师为例。一个学生完成绘画作业，但是老师认为画儿的颜色不合适。老师没有直接告诉学生他的绘画水平不高，而是建议他下一幅画尝试使用不同的颜色。
讲座词汇总结
painter 画家；apply 应用；feedback 反馈；assignment 作业；characteristics 特征；effective 有效的；painting technique 绘画技巧
