个人中心
个人中心
01
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坚信专业的力量
今天的托福考试，有一篇阅读是我们上周公益模考里的题（下图）。
今天的托福考试，有三篇听力是我们最近集训班课上练习并精讲过的题（下图）。
今天的托福考试，独立写作是我们昨天晚上刚刚布置给学生考前练的一道题（下图）。
02
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11.18综合写作解析
［2015-10-11真题］
阅读主要观点提取
总论点：公元108年前，罗马第九军队的总部都在英国。但在公元108年前，就再也没有过第九军队的记录。阅读中提出了三个第九军队到底发生了什么的猜测。
猜测一：第九军队在苏格兰被打败。大约在罗马军团从历史中消失的时候，苏格兰发生了一场反对罗马统治的叛乱。罗马的国王派第九军团去对抗叛乱。因此，第九军队很有可能在战争全军覆没了。
猜测二：第九军队消失在今天的新西兰。人们在一个堡垒屋顶的瓦片上发现了第九军队标志，但是在公元108年，这个瓦片被叛军破坏了。因此，第九军队很有可能被命令去与叛军对抗。最终，军团损失惨重，并且选择解散军队。
猜测三：第九军队在犹太被消灭。来自英国的罗马统治者带着第九军队去犹太镇压叛乱。军队可能在路上就全体死亡了，或者是在战争中全军覆没了。
听力主要观点提取
总论点：阅读中的猜测都是不对的。
解释一：第九军队并没有留下任何的武器装备的考古证据。第九军队作为最大的军队之一，如果想将它彻底消灭，是需要一场巨大的战役的。在苏格兰叛军和其他罗马军队打仗之后，他们都留下了破损的武器的残骸。但是在苏格兰叛军和第九军队打仗之后，并没有留下这些证据。
解释二：带有第九军队标志的砖瓦可能是从英国被带到新西兰的。人们并没有在堡垒的附近发现筑瓦的窑，这说明砖瓦并不是生产于新西兰。事实上，砖瓦是生产于英国的，所以任何人都可以从英国将瓦片带到新西兰，并不一定是第九军队。
解释三：带第九军对去犹太对抗叛军并不是最佳选择。英国位于罗马的最西边，然而犹太位于最东边，统治者可以选择驻扎在里犹太附近的军队来对抗叛军。
03
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11.18独立写作范文
［2016-06-25真题］
Taking a panoramic view of human history, we can readily find that the natural environment plays an enormously important role in determining the future of each and every country. Given the great significance of clean environment, the general public as well as the governors begin to wonder which is the most essential action to protect the environment, among funding new energy research, preserving natural habitat or enacting strict laws. Towards such a long-running tug-of-war, I am inclined to argue that national governments should invest financial support in developing new energy sources.
Initially, spending more money in discovering new energy can radically solve the various environmental problems. As is common sense, the deteriorating environment is the result of the overexploitation of fossil fuels, including coal, oil and natural gas. To be specific, numerous chemical plants usually burn the coal to provide power for manufacturing all kinds of goods designed to satisfy the basic needs of the general public. As a result, a large amounts of industrial wastes are discharged to take a toll on the natural environment. Also, an increasing number of petrol-powered automobiles will definitely emit car exhaust (e.g. fumes and toxic gas), which can increase the likelihood of the public suffering from respiratory diseases. All the above problems related to environment can be resolved by find new and clean energy like solar energy, wind power and tidal power. Undoubtedly, replacing the traditional energy with the new ones can dramatically decrease the pollution and contamination, thus leading to a better living environment. For example, once the cars use the electricity instead of petrol, the air quality will improve to a large extent.
Secondly, there are conspicuous limitation of the other two options. As for preserving natural places, the effect of this practice is relatively restricted. To illustrate, the traditional energy sources are usually exploited and discovered in the natural places. Consequently, the preservation of natural places will hinder the access to various energy and thus impede the progress of the whole society. Also, the same logic applies to passing laws to reduce pollution. It is an indisputable fact that across the globe, many countries now are heavily dependent on the industries and factories which produce pollutions. In other words, once the law of punishing these companies is enforced, these corporations may have to cut down their output and make less profits, even ending up going bankrupt. Accordingly, the national economy and the living standard of the public will suffer too.
Factoring what has been discussed above, we can conclude that funding research of environmental friendly energy will be more preferable, because finding proper alternative energy is the key to solving the environmental problems comprehensively. （557words）
04
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一篇阅读的详细分析
［2016-09-25真题］
A卷有一篇阅读，Changes in the Amount of Forest on the Great Plains(大平原上的森林覆盖量变化)，重复的是2016-09-25大陆考题。
看到标题，首先思考大平原上的森林发生怎样的变化，变多还是变少？原因是什么？推动自己进入文章寻找答案。
读完首段发现，在上次冰河世纪结束时，由于气候变得温暖干旱，原来存在于大平原地区的针叶森林逐渐消退，被草原取代。结果树木只能局限在一些山脊顶峰。树木局限于此的原因是，一方面山顶气候凉爽并且接收到更多的雨雪降水(precipitation)，另一方面，山顶远离大平原地区的草原，避免了草原上火灾的影响，是天然的防火地带(natural firebreak)。
火灾对于树木的影响远远大于草原(此处有对比比较型的因果解释，在此不详细展开)。火灾易于出现于大平原草原的原因有：草是天然的引火材料，闪电点火和人类刀耕火种农业的开始。具有讽刺意味的是，人类的刀耕火种，一方面增加了火灾的爆发，抑制了树木向大平原草原地区的回归，而只能存活于高海拔的山峰之上，但另一方面，随着人类农业的扩张，过度放牧，使草原消失，也使天然存在的引火材料(tinder)干草也一同消失了，进而减少了大火灾爆发的可能，因此在农业社会后期，森林又得以回归到大平原地区。
全文结构特点
整篇文章按照大平原地区森林的减少而后又增多的因果分析型结构展开，内部又镶嵌着许多对比比较（高海拔山脊vs.低海拔平原的环境特点比较；森林vs.草原的特性比较；刀耕火种农业前期vs.后期的比较）。因果关系和比较一贯是考点，需要额外关注。
语言特点
1. 词汇量大，用语地道灵活
考句1
Not only do they produce a tinder-dry thatch of dead foliage that lights with the slightest spark, but they are equipped to rise from their own ashes.
解析：短短一句话中充斥着大量生词和表达。“tinder-dry thatch”指干燥的可引火的茅草；“rise from their own ashes”指死灰复燃。此外，从句式上看，这句话是常见的否定词前置引发的倒装(not only do…)。
考句2
The buds, or meristems, from which they put forth new growth, are tucked down at the surface of the ground, where they are protected from serious harm.
解析：对主语专业词汇bud的解释也是专业词汇meristems(分生组织)；并且谓语动词tucked down的理解，影响了整句话的意思。此外，从句式上看，这句话中包含了托福最常见的考点：“prep.+which…”引出整句话后置修饰名词，which即等于被修饰的名词(buds)。
考句3
By the time the transformation was over, coniferous forests could be found in the central United States only on the crowns of the tallest breaks and ridges.
解析：句尾“the crowns of the tallest breaks and ridges”指“最高山裂山脊的顶部”。
2. 句式多变，并具有文学表现力
考句1
On the tall-grass prairies, in particular, where catastrophic droughts were relatively infrequent, trees and shrubs might have taken over completely if it had not been for the erratic but inevitable return of lightning.
解析：此句是if引导的虚拟语气(if it had not been for…)，真实情况与句子表面意思相反(树木仍然不能取代草原)。另外，词汇量大、用语灵活的现象仍然凸显，如“erratic，inevitable，take over”。
考句2
But no sooner were the trees established than some random bolt of lightning would set the prairies aflame, killing the shrubs and most trees except in the humid streambeds and river valleys.
解析：否定词放在句子开头引发的倒装，正常语序为But the trees were established no sooner than some random bolt of lightning…。表示树木还没有站稳脚跟，随机而来的道道闪电就又引发大火将它们付诸一炬。“sth./sb. be established”表示站稳脚跟的意思，是对树木的一种拟人的用法。
考句3
Where better to find refuge than atop a natural firebreak?
解析：首先扫清词汇的问题。refuge避难所，atop在…上方，firebreak防火带。然后如果照字面意思理解就是：哪里能找到一个比“在天然防火带上方”更好的避难所？但要注意，这句话不是真的在问“到哪里去找”，而是一个反问句，答案就在其中，即没有哪个地方比“在天然防火带上方”更好，能够成为躲避火灾的地方。
05
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一道句子简化题
考题1 句子简化题
If a branch is not producing enough carbohydrate to cover its own running costs—i.e., it needs to be subsidized by other branches because, for example, it is being shaded and receives little light—it will usually be got rid of.
选项
A. tree will usually shed branches that use more carbohydrate than they produce.
B.ranches that are shaded usually do not receive enough light to produce all the carbohydrate they need.
C.If a tree gets rid of a branch, it is usually because other branches lack enough carbohydrate to subsidize it.
D.If a branch is shaded and cannot produce as much carbohydrate as it needs, it will usually be subsidized by other branches.
解析：正确答案为A。
原句主干是“If a branch is…, it will usually be got rid of”，即如果一个树杈怎样，这个树杈就会被清除掉。
BCD全部偏离句子主干。具体分析，B选项根本未提及树杈将被清除；C选项if的连接对象错误，且后半句说其他的树杈缺少足够碳水化合物（lack），语义错误；最大干扰项D，虽然基本保留了原句句式，但后半句“it will usually be subsidized by other branches”并非原句主干的条件结果所在。
06
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阅读词汇题
Dorset Culture
allowed for = made possible
harsh = severe
duration of sea ice = length of time the ice lasts
annihilated = destroyed
Preventing Overgrowth among Tree Branches
exposed = unprotected
with no warning = without any indication beforehand
congestion = overcrowding
Crown of Thorns Starfish and Coral Reefs
outbreak = sudden increase
accompany = occur along with
converge = come together
severity = seriousness
Changes in the Amount of Forest on the Great Plains
dense = thick
eased into = slowly entered
retain = keep
inevitable = certain
Early Modern Industrialization
determinants = causes
hastened = rushed
diffusion = dispersal
perfected = completed
Birds and Food Shortage
duration of = length of
enables = allows
in some degree = To a certain extent
How Plants and Animals Arrived in the Hawaiian Islands
Obvious = clear
Adjacent to = next to
Widespread = common
Dense = thick
