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上图：首尔托福考场签协议长桌
今天华叔参加托福考试，自从2017年以来，全球托福实行了一场多套试卷，不仅仅是中国大陆，全球都如此。
而早在2016年，ETS还有一项改革，就是同一个洲，如果时区在三个小时以内，托福考试使用同一套或多套试卷。而时区如果超过三个小时，则试卷内容不可以重合。
所以，有两个结论各位要清楚：
第一，中国大陆，港澳台，韩国，日本，新东坡的托福考场，ETS使用的是同一套/多套试卷。
第二，中国大陆和迪拜的托福考场，ETS是不会在同一场考试使用同样的考试内容的。（北京比迪拜快4个小时）
上图：首尔托福考场候考区
今天托福考试的题目，多篇考中我们集训的真题，听说读写都有原题。
ETS题库总共300套左右试题，华叔学术团队通过八年积累，已还原139套真题。这是“专业的力量”才可以完成的厚重积累。
今天华叔给各位分享AB两套试卷里分别考中的一篇阅读，每篇都有全部14道题答案，各位趁热来对。
第一篇阅读
Uniformitarianism and Earth’s cycles
2015-12-19真题
1. According to paragraph 1, what is catastrophism?
The explanation of Earth’s geologic features as the result of a few enormous geologic events of supernatural origin.
2. It can be inferred from paragraphs 1 and 2 that the scientific study of geology began
When James Hutton challenged the theory of catastrophism.
3. The phrase “found wanting” in the passage is closest in meaning to
judged inadequate
4. According to paragraph 2, what is the continuous cycle for which Hutton argued?
Mountains are eroded into debris; rocks are formed from the debris; those rocks are pushed up to form mountains.
5. The word “distinctive” in the passage is closest in meaning to
characteristic
6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Using the principle of uniformitarianism, we can safely infer that any rock composed of cemented grains of sand and having the same distinctive internal structure as modern dunes is the remains of an ancient dune.
If a rock resembles a sand dune in composition and internal structure, then, according to uniformitarianism, it must have once been part of an ancient dune.
7. In paragraph 3, why does the author discuss sand dunes?
To illustrate how the principle of uniformitarianism is applied
8. Paragraph 4 supports which of the following statements about Earth’s geological features?
They are created through a cycle of processes that has occurred again and again over time.
9. The word “duration” in the passage is closest in meaning to
length
10. According to paragraph 5, what led nineteenth-century geologists to an incorrect estimate of how long it took to produce all the sediments that have been laid down through geologic time?
Their belief that geologic processes have always occurred at the same rate as they do today.
11. The word “remote” in the passage is closest in meaning to
distant
12. According to paragraph 6, information from radiometric dating supports which of the following statements?
Geologic processes that are relatively unimportant today might have been far more important in earlier periods of Earth’s history.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
It follows from this view that the present is the key to the past.
Where would the sentence best fit?
Hutton’s ideas evolved into what we now call the principle of uniformitarianrism, which states that the same external and internal processes that we recognize in action today have been operating throughout Earth’s history. ■ We can examine any rock, however old, and compare its characteristics with those of similar rocks that are forming today in a particular environment.
14. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, most people believed that Earth’s geologic features were created relatively recently by a few sudden, large-scale, catastrophic events.
●Geologists since Hutton have explained Earth’s featured using his principle of uniformitarianism--the idea that the same processes have been at work throughout Earth’s enormously long history.
●In the late 1700s James Hutton saw that catastrophism did not fit his observations of erosion and proposed that geologic features resulted from steady, slow, repetitive processes.
●Uniformitarianism applies to geologic processes and to their effects but does not apply either to the rates of different processes or to their relative importance throughout geologic time.
第二篇阅读
Attribution Bias
2016-08-21真题
1. The word “seldom” in the passage is closest in meaning to
rarely
2. The word “pervasive” in the passage is closest in meaning to
widespread
3. According to paragraph 2, when people see rude behavior, they are likely to think that behavior stems from
the personality of the person behaving rudely
4. Why does the author ask the question “Why do we make this mistake so often?”
To focus attention on the reason for the occurrence of the fundamental attribution error
5. According to paragraph 3, what may be one reason why people often fail to attribute the behavior of others to situational factors?
Situational factors are often not easily observed.
6. The word “hasty” in the passage is closest in meaning to
hurried
7. What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the instructor who adjusted her initial judgment about the yawning student in her class?
She applied the two-step process of causal attribution.
8. According to paragraph 4, why is the two-step process sometimes not used to evaluate causal attribution?
The process requires more advanced reasoning and purposeful effort.
9. The author mentions people coming out of a movie theater in paragraph 5 in order to
provide an example of behavior that is more easily attributed to situational factors
10. Select the TWO answer choices that are mentioned in paragraph 5 as incentives that lead one to take a second cognitive step in the attribution process. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.
●The fact that one relies on the person for something one wants or needs
●The realization that one will be held responsible for one’s judgments and decisions
11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
An actor has extensive knowledge of his or her own behavior and how it has varied in different situations, in contrast, an observer has seen the actor in far fewer circumstances and so is apt to think of the current behavior as typical.
While an actor knows that his or her own behavior can vary depending on the situation, an observer lacks that knowledge and so thinks of a specific behavior as typical of the actor’s personality.
12. According to paragraph 6, how do thoughts about one’s own behavior differ from that of another person’s behavior?
People usually attribute another person’s behavior to inner dispositions but do not make the same conclusions about their own behavior.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.
Do we apply the causal attribution bias to ourselves?
Where would the sentence best fit?
■In thinking about our own behavior, we tend to avoid the fundamental attribution error.
14. People make systematic errors when judging the causes of other people’s behavior.
●The fundamental attribution bias is replaced with the actor-observer bias when assessing one’s own behavior.
●When people use a two-step process, more accurate judgment occurs.
●The most common error is to restrict judgments about behavior to dispositional factors.
