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六月托福考试开启，今天可以说是2018上半年的难度之最，多套试卷中都有难度五颗星的阅读和听力。
托福在线练习TPO虽然有了54套，但几乎都无法与真实考试的难度匹敌。我们甚至揣测，TPO是ETS废弃的托福考试真题，经过测试发现质量不高，弃之可惜，食之无味，不如便宜一些当模考题卖给考生做。
老美（包括ETS）其实是非常精明难搞的，看看Trump一系列的政策就知道了。他不会傻到让你做做在大陆几乎免费了的TPO就把托福拿下的。
所以，来华华托福刷真题，这几乎是必须的选择。暑假封闭集训，你最好不要错过噢。
今天华叔给各位分析一篇超难超难的听力，一篇较难文章的详细分析，还有今天不俗的综合写作，还有满分范文。
听力最难一篇讲座
华叔跟各位分享一篇今天最难的一篇讲座，第一个SECTION的艺术史讲座，讲的话题是观念艺术（conceptual art）。是的，观念艺术，极其抽象的话题，也很少提到，更何况很多考生没有听懂这个单词：conceptual，所以从头到尾就只是“C艺术”而已。我们来看看这篇听力讲座开头对观念艺术的定义：
One of the main ideas conceptual artists explored was what makes art art. Remember conceptual artists rejected traditional notions of art, rejected that only paintings or sculptures could be considered art and that all art has to be beautiful to look at. Instead art was an idea itself rather than a physical manifestation of an idea. And that idea made you think, then work was successful. Typically nontraditional mediums were used, like video or photography.
这段定义很抽象，但有没有注意到上面这段话里，有一个标红单词出现的很频繁：idea，这就是观念艺术所追求的“观念”，也是这篇讲座第二题的答案。
2.What main goal of Conceptual Art does the professor mention?
答案: Art should invite analysis of ideas.
接下来教授举了观念艺术早期的一幅作品，Joseph Kosuth’s One and Three Chairs（下图）。
Joseph Kosuth, One and Three Chairs (1965)
左边墙上画了一把椅子，中间地上摆了一把椅子，右边墙上是椅子在字典里的定义。这是为了提醒人们椅子以三种形式存在，这个观念就是艺术作品，与椅子是否没毫无关系，而是来自于对椅子存在的多种形式的思考。教授在介绍完这幅作品之后，说了一句意味深长的话：So good for Kosuth。这句话成了第三题的答案。
3. What is the professor’s attitude toward Kosuth’s work entitled One and Three Chairs?
答案: He thinks that the work achieves the main aim of Conceptual Art.
在介绍完Kosuth的作品之后，教授说观念艺术其实刚开始也并不为大众(public)和评论家(critic)所接受，而真正让这个艺术运动流行的人正是今天讲座的话题，我们看
原文：
Well today I like to focus on one conceptual artist whose work was very well received. Because unlike other conceptual artists, his work is immediately accessible. That artist is William Wegman. His earliest works were mainly clever, amusing, often observed short videos of himself that addressed intellectually complex ideas from an unusual angle. For example, he videotaped himself humorously imitating a television commercial . . .
Wegman began using May Ray in his short videos which brought an additional highly appealing and accessible element into the absurd angle of his videos. Man Ray added affection, sweetness and because of that Wegman and Man Ray became famous. For example, in a video entitled spelling lesson . . . . . .
教授说今天主要讲的艺术家是Wegman，他的作品聪明有趣，容易被大众接受，而且经常自拍一些录像，以非寻常角度解决智力复杂(intellectually complex)的观念，举例拍除臭剂(deodorant)的广告，足足在身上喷了一分钟，然后说好有用啊，其实是讽刺，引起了很多老百姓共鸣。另外，教授说Wegman在录像里使用了May Ray（这是一只狗狗的名字）以增加吸引力。May Ray带来了什么效果呢？喜欢(affection)，甜蜜(sweetness)。然后教授举例，有一个录像，Wegman给May Ray纠正拼写错误，教它读，读的很古怪，而且最后狗狗还道歉了。
各位看看下一道题的难度在哪儿，就是两个例子支撑的东西是不可以混淆的，但是，多少人在这里的细节完全没听懂，根本没有混淆的可能。
4.In what way Wegman’s video Spelling Lesson a departure from his earliest videos?
答案: It included endearing displays of tenderness.
你还有没有勇气继续？
接下来教授说Wegman的一生当中拍了很多在人类场景中的May Ray，而且还用到道具(prop)，还会穿人的衣服。Wegman这样做的目的是想质问：到底哪个更古怪(weirder)？是穿着人衣的狗(Dogs dressed up and playing the part of humans)？还是人类生活的古怪世界(strange world that humans actually play in everyday life)？其实Wegman是在讽刺人类啊，所以下一道题。
5.According to the professor, what is one idea that Wegman tried to convey in his photographs of dogs dressed in human clothi
答案: Humans are involved in situations that can be considered strange.
除了讽刺人类，Wegman还讽刺风景画(landscape painting)。他拍了一张照片，名字叫湖岸(Lakeshore)。
William Wegman Lake Shore, 1999
远看像一幅风景画，森林，天空，湖泊，海岸。但如果凑近一看，那些看似巨石(boulder)的海岸线(shoreline)，实际是只不过是狗狗们的头(heads)，背(backs)和腿(legs)啊。
6.According to the professor, what is one way that Wegman questioned the conventions of traditional landscape paintings in Lake Shore?
答案: Wegman represented rocks with images of the various body parts of dogs.
听华叔讲完，你是否觉得这是一篇值得你跪的讲座。
另外，想提醒你，别忘了，还有第一题没有选，这是一道需要高度概括的主旨题。在这篇讲座里，教授介绍了观念艺术运动，介绍了Kosuth拍的三把椅子照片，Wegman的除臭剂广告录像，纠正狗狗拼写录像，还有讽刺传统风景画的狗狗海岸照片。
1. What is the main purpose of the lecture?
答案: To describe works of Conceptual Art that gained wide acceptance
以上是专业内容
请勿随意模仿
华叔继续
一篇较难阅读解析和词汇题
阅读A卷今天三篇测试题是第一篇Global Warming(全球变暖)(重复2017.12.09)，第二篇Energy Distribution in Plants(植物的能量分配)(重复2017.09.24)，第三篇Early Agriculture(早期农业)(重复2017.09.24)。
下面详细分析其中一篇，Global Warming。
全文按照学术文章经典思路打开，即先因果分析（看过去），再结果影响（看将来）。这个大结构并不难，难在中间夹杂的细节描写，下面以今天的真题做实战分析。
先简单概述全球变暖的全篇大结构：
首段引出这个研究对象“global warming”，然后即分析原因，是CO2在大气中比例的增加，然后由表入里，原因纵深分析，指出CO2增加的原因又有两个，一是化石燃料的燃烧(the burning of fossil fuels)，二是热带森林的破坏(the deforestation in the tropics)。
第2段，进入结果影响部分，指出全球变暖的一个确定结果是海平面上升。这里引入一个地球气候变化过程的细节描写，充斥着小冰期(little ice age)、大冰期(ice epoch)、大冰期内部的冰期和间冰期(glacial and interglacial periods)的概念，彼此之间的关系和时间对应关系非常详尽复杂，此处出题，极具干扰迷惑性，待会见真题详说。
第3段，仍然顺承第2段细节描写地球曾经的气候变化过程。又出2道细节题，极具干扰项。
第4段，再次回到全球气候变暖引起海平面上升这个结果，具体细节展开，如果南北极冰川、冰盖融化会引发海平面上升的程度，注意，冰川(glaciers)和冰盖(ice caps)是不同概念，此处再次出细节题，精准考查。
第5段，最后一段，通过计算机模型算出全球变暖引发的气候模式变化，会导致北半球高纬度地区(加拿大和西伯利亚)温度升高、降雨增多，成为富庶之地(prosper)，而中纬度地区(美国和俄国)将变成沙漠。
下面，回到这篇文章最难的细节考查部分。
第6题
According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of the middle part of the twentieth century?
It saw sea level rise by about 15 centimeters.
It was warmer than any other period for the last 1,000 years.
It was part of a 500-year cold period known as the “little ice age.”
It is regarded by most scientists as typical of the temperature tends over the last 1,000 years.
题干分析：
如果用定位法，看题干，只需读第2段第4句It is the climate of the middle part of the twentieth century that most people regard as normal.但从四个选项设置来看，必须通读第1-5句，定位法并不奏效，综合理解才是唯一解法。1-5句如下：
第1句In fact, the sea level has risen 15 centimeters or so in the last 100 years because of global warming.
第2句A fact that is not commonly known is that the twentieth century was substantially warmer than the previous 500 years were.
第3句In fact, those five centuries are known as the “little ice age.”
第4句It is the climate of the middle part of the twentieth century that most people regard as normal.
第5句Yet one has to go back nearly 1,000 years to find a period that was as warm, the intervening period was colder.
答案分析：
正确答案选B。你选对了吗？
B选项虽然犯了“比较”的忌讳、“极端词汇any”的忌讳，但它确实是原文的正确意思。所谓的技巧只能辅助，最终取决于读懂。
1-5句串联起来的完整事实是：过去100年海平面上升了15米（所以A错误，到20世纪中期时海平面还没有上升15米），一个不被人们普遍了解的事实是20世纪的温度显著高于过去500年，这过去500年被称为小冰期（所以C错误，20世纪中期并不属于过去500年的小冰期）；20世纪中期的气候被大多数人认为是正常的，但其实得往回倒退将近1000年才能发现和今天20世纪中期一样的温度，这中间间隔的1000年要比20世纪中期温度更冷（所以D错误，20世纪中期并非过去1000年里气候趋势的典型）。
总结
1.定位法基本失效，只能应对非常简单的问题，对ETS设置的大多题目无效。
2.技巧只能辅助，并不绝对通用，现在的正确答案里经常含有“only, must,any”等极端词汇。
3.整体思路很好理解，难在细节的精准理解。细节决定高手。
4.托福考试的思路和SAT\GRE不同，不是只抓作者主题大意即可，而是精抠细节，考查语言的准确理解。
词汇题
conversely = on the other hand
adverse = negative
unprecedented = never before seen
acknowledge = admit
simultaneously = at the same time
综合写作新题回顾
重复
2017.01.07
大陆托福真题
阅读主要观点提取：
海龟（sea turtles）数量急剧下降，已经濒临灭绝。有几种方法可以阻止海龟数量继续下降。
第一种方法是修建一种金属围栏（metal fences）来保护海龟蛋不被捕食者吃掉。由于海龟蛋经常被捕食者吃掉，所以在海龟蛋的周围修建铁丝栅栏可以保护他们。
第二种方法是禁止使用塑料袋。海龟常常因为将塑料袋当作水母（jellyfish）吃掉而死亡。所以只要倡导使用纸袋而不是塑料袋便可以保护海龟。
第三种方法是制定一个法律让渔民捕鱼的时候使用海龟逃离器（turtle excluders）。渔民之前捕鱼的时候所用的渔网会迫使海龟窒息而死。如果渔民使用海龟逃离器可以避免海龟游到渔网中，以减少海龟的死亡率。
听力主要观点提取：
阅读中的每种方法都有缺陷（weakness）。
第一，修建金属围栏会对海龟以后的生存和繁殖产生不利影响。在海龟蛋旁边修建了金属围栏，会干扰磁场（distort magnetic field）。幼小的海龟就不能发展对它们生存至关重要的磁场感来航行。
第二，禁用塑料袋也不能有效的解决问题。因为海洋里已经有数千亿甚至数万亿的塑料袋。这些塑料袋需要数百年分解（decompose），即使它们分解了还是会对海龟有害。
第三，渔民不会愿意使用海龟逃离器。因为使用海龟逃离器会减少他们的捕鱼量，因而减少他们的收入。所以，即使有法律要求他们使用，他们也会偷偷拿掉海龟逃离器，当回到岸边的时候再安装上去。
学生满分范文：
The professor discusses that each suggestion to help reverse the decline in sea turtle population put forward by the writer has a weakness.
First, the writer says that building metal fences around turtle eggs could protect them from predators. But the professor makes the point that turtles may have troubles in surviving and reproducing later if they are protected by wire fences. The young sea turtles might not develop the magnetic sense properly If wire fences are around them. It is because metal fences would distort the magnetic field.
Second, as for the banning of the plastic bags, the professor states that it would not solve the problem. Because of the wide use of the plastic bags for a long time, there are already billions if not trillions of plastic bags in the ocean, and it takes hundreds of years to decompose these plastic bags. Even bags can slowly break up into smaller pieces, they remain harmful to sea turtles.
Finally, the professor holds the opinion that the benefit of using turtle excluders is very limit which is contrary to the reading material. The simple reason is that the fishers are reluctant to use excluders. By using these turtle excluders, the fisher’ income would decline because the number of fish they catch would reduce. So they would not use it the whole time. They may remove the excluders once they are not seen and then put it back when they return to the shore.
