个人中心
个人中心
A卷
1.Glacier Effects重复2016.12.11（当年年度新题）
2.Mesopotamian and Egyptian Agriculture（新题）
与以往真题做严格比对，确定不是2017.07.02和2017.03.04Mesopotamian and Egyptian Settlements，或2015.06.14Mesopotamian and Egyptian Settlement Patterns，而是一篇全新测试题
3.Biological Rhythms(重复2017.09.17加试新题，此次考试已经转变为测试题)
4.加试题为：气候变暖对蝴蝶迁徙的影响，或某地区人口的稳定增长，或生态系统的变化(重复2017.09.23和2017.09.24加试题)
B卷
1.长脖乌龟long-neck turtle（新题）
2.化学物质hydrocarbon（新题）
3.史前农业革命
不确定是否为以下真题，因为农业话题考查太多了
2017.04.01新题The Green Revolution
2015.08.22 The Upper Paleolithic Revolution
2017.07.02，2016.03.26，2015.12.05 The Neolithic Revolution Begins
4.加试题为：sea otters，或bark beetle
C卷
1.The Faint Young Sun Paradox重复2017.07.02，2015.11.08，2013.10.20
2.澳大利亚土狼D的引入对当地物种的影响（新题）
3.罗马历史copper coin（新题）
罗马为高频考试话题，有以下测试内容，但经严格比对此次测试题为新题
2017.04.23和2016.07.02Transportation and the Roman Empire
2017.06.25和2016.09.03 The Western Roman Empire in the Fifth Century
2017.06.03，2015.12.20和2015.06.27Economic Prosperity in the Roman Augustan Age
D卷
1.板块学说（新题）
2.一种随着气候演变的雀鸟（新题）
3.哺乳动物的灭绝（类似话题太多，无法确定具体篇目）
【规律总结】
1.年度新题被重复考查的概率较大，如Glacier Effects是2016.12.11的新题，难度较大，即使今天考查，很多考生仍然反映不能完全读懂。
2.加试题稳定后可转化为测试题，如Biological Rhythms，所以加试题预示着新题的方向与难度。
3.如果阅读加试，组合模式可为3篇老题加1篇新题，此时新题为加试题，也可为新老题不定数量的组合，例如本场考试，此时加试仍为新题。由于ETS人力成本较高，一年出新题的数量有限，所以像本场如此规模巨大的释放新题实属少数。
— 综合写作 —
（重复2016年07月09日）
阅读部分
主要观点：在15世纪的时候﹐原本生活在格陵兰岛上的维京人离开了。有几种假说试图解释他们离开的原因。
分论点一：气候变化导致了维京人无法耕种,遭受饥荒。原本北大西洋的气候相对温暖,但之后气候逐渐变冷﹐维京人难以耕种﹐食物的缺少迫使他们离开。
分论点二：维京人是被其他居住在格陵兰岛上的族群赶走的。在维京人到达之前就有别的族群居住在格陵兰岛上﹐在争夺土地和资源的过程中会产生冲突。而与在当地生活时间更长的族群相比﹐维京人很可能在冲突中处于劣势。
分论点三：与欧洲贸易的减少可能是导致维京人离开的原因。最初维京人同欧洲的贸易往来频繁且广泛。但在挪威统治格陵兰岛之后，格陵兰岛的货物要求被首先运到挪威﹐同欧洲的贸易也被禁止。维京人很可能因此而难以得到所需的商品而被迫离开。
听力部分
主要观点：阅读当中提到的每一个观点都存在问题。
分论点一：关于饥荒的理论不成立。即使维京人无法耕种﹐他们仍可以依靠海洋获得食物。对于维京人骨骼的研究表明：他们的主要食物来源是鱼类而不是谷物。气候变冷不会影响鱼的数量﹐因此并不会让维京人因缺少食物而放弃居住地并离开。
分论点二：同其他族群的冲突不会造成维京人的离开。考古学家的研究表明﹐维京人在离开时带走了所有的贵重物品﹐这就说明他们是有计划有组织地离开的﹐而不是因为被攻击而匆忙逃离的。
分论点三：关于同欧洲之间贸易减少的解释也不成立。虽然正式贸易必须通过挪威﹐但格陵兰岛和欧洲之间仍然存在着频繁的非法贸易。一份文件就记录了挪威国王对非法贸易的抱怨﹐这就说明维京人是可以继续同欧洲贸易来获得日常所需物品的。
【范文】
The passage proposes three hypotheses to explain the reasons why the Vikings left their colony in Green land in the 15th century. However, the lecture argues that each of the hypotheses suggested in the reading is problematic.
First, the professor contends that the starvation theory proposed by the reading, which believes that cooling climate made it difficult for Vikings to farm and thus forced them to leave due to lack of food, is not convincing. The lecture points out that Vikings still had an excellent source of food in the ocean. Research on the skeletons of Vikings in Greenland shows that their diet was mainly based on fish. Since the supply of fish is not affected by the cooling climate, the Vikings are unlikely to abandon the colony for lack of food.
Second, contradictory with what the passage suggests, the lecture argues that it is unlikely that a conflict with another group will force the Vikings to leave. Archaeologists found that the Vikings took all the valuable objects with them when leaving the colony, which indicates that they left in an orderly way. If the colony had been attacked by another group of people, the Vikings must have left very quickly and would not have had time to pack their belongings.
Finally, the listening contradicts the reading by saying that declining of trade with Europe is not the reason, either. Although official trade had to be conducted through Norway, there were still frequent and extensive illegal trade between Europe and Greenland. An actual document shows that the king of Norway complained that the Greenland Vikings were trading so extensively with European traders that they didn’t have no good products left over to transport to Norway. These illegal trades probably provided enough supplies to the Greenland colony and wouldn’t be the cause of Vikings’ leaving.
— 听力A卷物理学讲座 —
（重复2013年01月26日）
【答案】
1.What is the lecture mainly about?
a comparison of light generating technologies
2.According to the professor, what is a characteristic of an ideal device to generate light?
All of the energy provided to it is converted to light.
3.Why does the professor mention unscrewing an incandescent light bulb?
To help explain that incandescent bulbs generate a great deal of heat
4.According to the professor what is a problem with fluorescent light?
They contain a dangerous material.
5.What does the professor imply about chemiluminescence?
It has potential to be an ideal means of generating light.
6.Why does the professor say this?
“Given the right chemical reaction, no heat is produced, well at least no measurable heat.”
To acknowledge that the reaction is not perfectly efficient
— 听力B卷地质学讲座 —
（重复2013年01月13日）
【答案】
1.What does the professor mainly discuss?
Evidence that casts doubt on the claim that an asteroid struck Earth 65 million years ago
干扰选项：Researching findings that conflict with a popular theory about the extinction of the dinosaurs (这个选项太多考生选，只错在findings复数是错的，因为Gerter Keler只找到唯一一个证据)
2.What does the woman think is confusing about the term K-T boundary?
That it refers to both a time in geologic history and a layer of rock
原文：The K-T boundary in geologic terms marks the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Tertiary period of geologic time. Around 65 million years ago. But I wasn't sure. I think the K-T boundary also refers to a layer of rock in the Earth's crust?
3.What does the professor imply is unusual about the composition of the rock at the K-T boundary?
It contains a type of metal rarely found in Earth's crust.
原文：They discovered that the layer of rock all over the world at the K-T boundary contains a concentration of the metal iridium. Now on earth iridium's abundant only in the core so what was it doing in the K-T boundary? Well, iridium's also abundant in most asteroids
4.According to Gerta Keller, what does the presence of fossils in the clay and spherule layers suggest about the iridium layer?
that the iridium layer was deposited long after the clay and spherule layers were
原文：But Keller has calculated that the clay and spherule layers were both deposited well before the iridium layer over a very long period of time.
5.What did Gerta Keller conclude from her research at el Penon?
that the asteroid that created the crater in Northeastern Mexico might not have led to the extinction of the dinosaurs
原文：And this is the only evidence Keller's found to debunk the theory, and yet science journals keep confirming that it was the asteroid in northeastern Mexico that led to the demise of the dinosaur.
6.What is the professor's opinion of Gerta Keller’s findings?
They are unlikely to be accepted very soon by most scientists who support the asteroid theory.
原文：I suspect that it's gonna take a lot more well-documented studies to overthrow the long-held beliefs of most of the scientific community that asteroid theory's such an attractive one.
