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01
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去年的难度之最
今天（10.29）的多套考题里，如果你遇到这一篇Insect Wings(昆虫翅膀)，那你现在估计也不能平静吧。这篇是2016年5月22日考的新题，当天我们发的考试解析的封面是下面这样的。
今天给大家重点剖析这篇自然科学类文章，Insect Wings(昆虫翅膀)。
自然科学的文章，原理机制本身就很复杂，例如第一篇昆虫翅膀的出现，从“背板外生理论”(the paranotal theory)说到该理论的问题——铰链连接系统和肌肉系统(hinged structure and muscle systems)，由此又引出“肢节内外附肢凸起理论”(the endite-exite theory)，然后对该理论又做详细的展开，什么内肢节外肢节以及相连的附肢(appendage)，如何铰链运动，最后附肢又融合成翅膀，这需要考生有事物连贯发展的综合想象力，并且能够精准对应这其中涉及到的概念之间的关系(比如，究竟谁和谁呈铰链连接关系？)。而这正是考点所在。
自然科学类文章的第二个难点是专业词汇过多，眼花缭乱。当然，专业词汇并不那么重要，但当满眼都是专业词汇时考生的感受是什么？还能不能机械地连词成意，自圆其说？此时要求考生句子顺读的基本功过硬，不依靠单词的意思拼接，而是依靠句子本身内带的英文逻辑推动找到单词和单词之间的关系，即所考查的概念和概念之间的对应关系，真正明白作者所指。
另一方面，有些专业词汇已经不再是专业词汇了，满眼专业词汇其实是内功不足的表现。有些词出现次数足够多，考生应该熟练掌握，例如，gill鳃，abdomen 腹部，appendage身体附肢，sensory organ感觉器官，delicate vibration微妙振动等。
第三，自然科学类的文章，为了叙述严谨，对很多名词加以修饰限定，对很多动作加以或伴随或条件或结果的状态补充，句子有时非常复杂。例如
考句1
Preeminent among predators-avoidance mechanisms must have been increasingly sophisticated early-warning systems composed of delicate vibration- or wind-sensing hairs.
解析
该句考点为：完全倒装；后置修饰。按照英文逻辑顺读为：最重要的在躲避捕猎者的所有机制中(最重要的)一定是日益复杂的早期预警系统，该系统由能够感知微妙振动或风流的体表刚毛组成。
考句2
Which of these might have been of primary significance is an excellent candidate as it is clear that life in the Paleozoic (540 to 230 million years ago) was dangerous due to the numbers of predators.
解析
该句考点为：which作为对前句的名词指代而非真正疑问词；“of+n.”等于该名词的对应形容词；candidate比喻的本体所指；主语从句嵌套位于整句话的开头；具有多个意思的as从句的理解。考生自己自行练习。
下面，对整篇文章知识做梳理，并提供对应的词汇串讲。
第一段：昆虫的翅膀突然出现在化石记录中，没有过渡类型的翅膀化石(intermediate wing fossils)，引发生物学家的诸多推测(speculation)。
第二段：昆虫的原始翅膀(protowings)也许是胸部上方背板的自然生长物(outgrowths)，这被称为“背板外生理论”(paranotal theory)，这种翅膀最初的作用是帮助昆虫四处传播(dispersal)和躲避捕猎者，另外也许还有调节体温的作用。
第三段：背板外生理论存在一个问题是，这种背板上的原始翅膀需要和身体以铰链方式连接(hinged)从而允许翅膀的滑动，并且需要在此处发展肌肉系统去控制原始翅膀在背板的上下拍动，由此昆虫学家提出了“肢节内外附肢凸起理论”(the endite-exite theory)解释翅膀的起源。该理论认为昆虫肢关节内外长有附肢(appendages)，这些附肢和关节以铰链的方式相连，并且被肌肉控制，最终这些附肢相融合(fused)形成原始的翅膀。
第四段：支持“肢节内外附肢凸起理论”反对“背板外生理论”的相关证据是，今天昆虫翅膀上的化学传感器官(chemical-sensing organs)的分布不在背部，而是在腿关节上。此外，被称为” campaniform sensilla”的专门感觉接受器(specializedreceptors)只存在附肢上而并不存在于体节(body segments)上。
第五段：另一种观点认为，原始翅膀来自水生昆虫的鳃瓣(gill flaps)。古代的蜉蝣就使用鳃瓣呼吸和运动。问题是水中的运动和飞行如何产生联系，从石蝇掠过水面的滑动(surface-skimming)我们能够找到答案。石蝇将自己的翅膀当做风帆去捕捉风的推力或是用翅膀拍动产生动力，推动(propel)自己滑过水面到达目的地。当肌肉系统越来越强壮时，这些动物的水面滑行越来越猛烈最终产生出脱离水面的飞行。
第六段：飞行的作用可能是帮助昆虫散播或躲避捕猎者。在5.4-2.3亿年前充满捕猎者的危险环境下，躲避捕猎者是最重要的(preeminent)。躲避捕猎者的所有机制(mechanism)中最重要的是日益复杂的早期预警系统(increasingly sophisticated early-warning systems)，该系统由能够感知微妙振动(delicate vibration)或风流的体表刚毛组成。这些感知系统诱发(elicit)逃跑反应。最终，逃跑反应、原始翅膀的发展、以及神经细胞在胸部和腹部的重新布线(rewiring of nerves)，使昆虫能够很快获得强大的飞行能力。
02
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10.29综合写作解析
［重复2015-12-05真题］
阅读主要观点提取
总论点：研究表明高浓度的铅导致了远征北极的海军中毒而死亡。一些人认为是他们食用了含铅的罐装食品。然而，作者对着一观点进行了反驳。
理由一：并没有大量的铅进入到食物中。在19世纪，人们用融化的铅来密封食品罐。人们是从罐的外部来密封盖子的，所以，铅接触罐内食物的可能性是非常小的。
理由二：没有出现其他同样的案例。许多其他的英国船队也使用铅来密封罐装食品。但是，他们都没有铅中毒的情况。
理由三：可能是水手们和了含铅的水。富兰克林的船只都有一套特殊的净水系统，来过滤出可以喝的淡水。然而，净水系统的水管是用铅制成的。
听力主要观点提取
总论点：探险队员铅中毒的源头就是罐装食品。
解释一：成产罐装食品的工人们以一种非常草率的方式来密封盖子。事实上，工人们并没有足够的时间去生产罐装食品。因为时间紧急的原因，工人们在密封的时候并不是非常细心，导致了铅本没有在盖子的外面，而是流进了罐内的食物里。
解释二：之所以没有任何关于其他英国船队铅中毒的报道，是因为他们没有检查自己是否铅中毒。没有经过专业的检查，铅中毒是很难被发现的。轻度铅中毒的症状包含疲劳和头疼，但这两点是很常见的，所以很多人会忽视这些症状。
解释三：用净水系统净化出来的淡水是供引擎使用的，而不是给水手们饮用的。船上的引擎是蒸汽引擎，因此必须要使用淡水。同时，在船上，他们有另外的饮用水供应。
学生满分范文
The reading states that the lead in canned food cause the crew poisoning. On the contrary, the professor thinks that the arguments in reading aren’t convincing.
Firstly, the author mentions that lead didn’t get into food because melted lead was carefully applied to cans from the outside to seal the lids in place. However, the speaker says that the cans on ships show the melted lead didn't stay on the outside as it was supposed to. In fact, the workers in food company didn’t have enough time to seal the lids carefully. So, the melted lead ran down the inside of the cans, contaminating the food.
Additionally, the writer demonstrates that there are no other cases about lead poisoning reported. As a matter of fact, the speaker indicates that sailors on the other ships didn’t test for lead poisoning but lead poisoning is difficult to detect without specific tests. The reason is symptoms of mild lead poisoning include tiredness and headaches, which are very common. Therefore, other sailors might overlook the signs and couldn’t recognize the problems.
Finally, the speaker contradicts the idea in reading by suggesting that the main purpose of the water purification systems was to provide freshwater for the ships engines instead of drinking or cooking. It is because those engines were steam engines and they must use freshwater. Moreover, there are separate supplies of freshwater on board for drinking and cooking.
03
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10.29独立写作同意思路解析
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
A university is considering requiring all students to take public speaking class.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
总论点：同意。
分论点一：公开演讲可以提升大学生的学习效果。演讲是将学生学习到的知识有效输出的一种形式。所以，如果学校要求学生进行公开演讲，一方面，可以促使学员展示自己的学术能力；另一方面，也可以督促学生形成良好的学习习惯，多积累知识。
分论点二：公开演讲可以形成良好的学习氛围。一方面，可以增进学员之间的熟悉度，从而为提升他们之间的关系打下基础；另一方面，可以知识共享，拓宽大学生的知识面。
04
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口语第1题三个版本文字答案
Your city is considering building a museum to attract visitors, which one you think is the best?
- Modern art and Music
- Children Science
- City history
1) I believe that it will be better to build a modern art and music museum for two major reasons. First, unlike children science museum and city history museum, modern art and music museum has a large number of audiences. Therefore building such a museum will not only provide the public a place for entertainment, its economic profit will also be very considerable. Also, comparatively, modern art and music museum is more inclusive and rich in its content. While the exhibition in children science museum and city history museum is relatively limited and fixed, modern art and music museum will be able to constantly provide new themes and topics to exhibit and therefore will continuously attract visitors
2) I believe that it will be better to build a children science museum for two major reasons. First, it is very meaningful since it gives children a chance to learn about science in a very interesting and creative way. The interactions that children can engage with all kinds of devices and exhibits will enlighten their interest in science. Secondly, it will also provide a good chance for parents to interact and communicate with their children during weekend as they can visit the museum together.
3) I believe that it will be better to build a city history museum for two major reasons. First, since I live in Beijing where its history is over 3000 years, I believe that it is definitely a great idea to build a city history museum since tourists will absolutely be very interested in it. Secondly, it will be a good chance for local people to get to know more about the city. Considering its long history, there will be a lot that the museum can put on display.
05
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部分词汇题
Insect Wings
重复2016.05.22真题
fulfilling = performing
function = purpose
retained = kept
sophisticated = well developed
Parental Care by Frogs
重复2016.11.13真题
potential = possible
harsh = severe
appreciably = significantly
Day Length and Reproductive Timing in Animals
重复2016.03.11真题
invariably = always
formulated = stated
deciphering = figuring out
retained = kept
Mating Songs of Frogs
重复2015.09.13真题
potential = possible
favorable = advantageous
ambiguous = unclear
convey = transmit
The Neolithic Revolution Begins
重复2017.10.29真题
exploit = use fully
set the stage for = prepared an environment for
initiated = started
culminate = end
重要提示：最后一篇阅读The Neolithic Revolution Begins，昨天刚考过，今天再考，所以你昨天背我们的词汇题了吗？
